Fatmanur Tugcu-Demiroz
Los polímeros mucoadhesivos son un conjunto de sustancias que se utilizan en diversas estructuras farmacéuticas. Se caracterizan por ser macromoléculas hidrófilas, que contienen diversos grupos orgánicos funcionales capaces de formar enlaces con las capas mucosas. Estos polímeros se pueden caracterizar por sus interacciones con la mucosa. Los enlaces no covalentes que se cree que mejoran la mucoadhesión incluyen la retención de hidrógeno, las interacciones hidrófobas y los enlaces electrostáticos. Los polímeros mucoadhesivos pueden ser catiónicos, aniónicos o no iónicos. Se cree que los polímeros aniónicos, como los derivados del ácido poli(acrílico), forman enlaces de hidrógeno por debajo de su pKa entre sus grupos carboxílicos y los grupos hidroxilo de la glicoproteína del fluido corporal. También se ha sugerido que las comunicaciones dipolares de las partículas pueden ocurrir cuando están en el carboxilato. Además, los poliderivados se pueden unir en combinación con polímeros termorresponsivos, como el poloxámero 407 (P407), para mejorar la resistencia. Los polímeros termorresponsivos cambian de un líquido a un gel pegajoso a una temperatura básica, teniendo en cuenta el paso a través de un utensilio antes de espesarse al aplicarse al cuerpo. El componente de mucoadhesión se divide comúnmente en dos etapas: la etapa de contacto y la etapa de unión. La etapa principal se describe por el contacto entre el mucoadhesivo y la capa de fluido corporal, con la expansión y expansión de la definición, comenzando su contacto profundo con la capa de fluido corporal. En el proceso de unión, los materiales mucoadhesivos se activan por la presencia de humedad. La humedad plastifica el sistema, permitiendo que las partículas mucoadhesivas se separen y se conecten mediante débiles enlaces de vander Waals y de hidrógeno.
Mucosal surfaces spread the nasal, visual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, and gastrointestinal zones among different pieces of the body. Medications might be directed to these destinations for nearby impact, and their high porousness makes them appealing for fundamental medication conveyance. Be that as it may, the regular freedom instruments from these destinations limit living arrangement time, diminishing medication assimilation or span of neighborhood impact. So as to beat these weaknesses, "mucoadhesive" frameworks have been created, which hold fast to mucosal films through an assortment of alluring physicochemical associations, improving maintenance, and in this manner the adequacy of medications Mucoadhesion is the capacity of materials to stick to mucosal layers in the human body and give a transitory maintenance. This property has been broadly used to create polymeric dose structures for buccal, oral, nasal, visual and vaginal medication conveyance. Incredible mucoadhesive properties are run of the mill for hydrophilic polymers having charged gatherings and additionally nonâ€Âionic utilitarian gatherings fit for shaping hydrogen bonds with mucosal surfaces. This component article thinks about late advances in the investigation of mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. It gives a diagram on the structure of mucosal films, properties of bodily fluid gels and the idea of mucoadhesion. Essential destinations behind the utilization of mucoadhesive medication conveyance gadgets are to delay their private time at the specific site to make them target explicit, and to improve the medication ingestion process. Along these lines, the estimation of mucoadhesivity is a critical advance to plan the mucoadhesive medication conveyance frameworks. The procedure of the utilization of mucoadhesive polymeric materials to improve the adequacy of remedial medicines has been presented as some time in the past and the methodology is still of an extraordinary enthusiasm for the field of pharmaceutical sciences.
In vitro or ex vivo procedures are significant in the exhibition testing of mucoadhesive medication conveyance frameworks and are savvy in choosing proficient frameworks when contrasted and in vivo strategies. These techniques can assess mucoadhesive details, without utilizing creature models, and may offer robotic comprehension of mucoadhesion. Various strategies have been created to survey and comprehend the mucoadhesion of medication conveyance frameworks. The advancement of new strategies ought to be approved by correlation with a highest quality level in vitro method, or in vivo execution. New strategies to examine the mucoadhesive profile of semisolid polymer frameworks are commonly evolved in-house on bespoke hardware, and have not experienced approval, which stresses the significance of normalized methods. Besides, every measurements structure may require diverse trial conditions and examination may just be conceivable inside dose structure types. The separation power technique (otherwise called the ductile strategy) is the most broadly utilized technique to explore glue associations between a mucosal film (or other substrate) and a detailing. This strategy can be utilized for strong and semisolid measurement structures and it is realized that instrumental boundaries and analysis configuration impact test results. Different strategies, for example, the rheological strategy, can bring about various reactions and translations relying upon the examination type utilized. In this way, it is imperative to comprehend the factors of the technique for mucoadhesion testing, taking into account that normalized strategies have been required.
Mucoadhesion is a mind boggling process and various speculations have been proposed to clarify the instruments in question. Those are wetting hypothesis, Diffusion hypothesis, Fracture hypothesis, The electronic hypothesis, The adsorption hypothesis. Mucoadhesive conveyance frameworks are being investigated for the confinement of the dynamic specialists to a specific area/site. Polymers have assumed a significant job in structuring such frameworks in order to build the habitation time of the dynamic specialist at the ideal area. Mucoadhesive polymers are water-solvent and water insoluble polymers. Mucoadhesive polymers that hold fast to the mucin-epithelial surface can be helpfully partitioned into three expansive classes:
1.Polymers that become clingy when set in water and owe their mucoadhesion to tenacity.
2. Polymers that follow through vague, non-covalent associations those are essentially electrostatic in nature
3. Polymers that quandary to explicit receptor site on tile self surface.
Every one of the three polymer types can be utilized for medicate conveyance.
En el marco de esta investigación, se analizaron las propiedades de mucoadhesión de las definiciones de gel, que se prepararon con varios polímeros, en varios tejidos mucosos. Como polímeros, se utilizaron ocho polímeros distintos: Kitosan M, Kitosan H, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M, goma guar H, goma guar S, Carbopol® 974 P y Policarbophil® AA-1. Se utilizaron nueve tejidos mucosos similares a buey diferentes (vaginal, nasal, bucal, intestinal, colon, estómago, útero y garganta) para las investigaciones de mucoadhesión de los geles preparados. TA.XT. Además, se utilizó Texture Analyzer para medir la capacidad de las definiciones de gel mucoadhesivas para separarse de la mucosa y el proceso de mucoadhesión. Además, se añadió un liposoma como estructura de micropartículas a las definiciones de gel para observar cómo se afectaba la unión. A la luz de los resultados generales, Kitosan H y Guar Gum H fueron vistos como los que tenían mejores propiedades de mucoadhesión en comparación con otros polímeros.